As of March 2020, four out of five prime ministers in … Despite growing production, the manufacturing industry accounts for a decreasing proportion of total employment in the Nordic countries. The larger long-distance ferries are in effect cruise ships, with behemoths like the Silja Europa featuring 13 decks stacked full of shops, restaurants, spas, saunas etc. Especially in English, Scandinavia is sometimes used as a synonym for the Nordic countries, but that term more properly refers to the three monarchies of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Denmark is part of the North European Plain - the largely mountain-free lowland that also includes Belgium, the Netherlands, northern Germany and large parts of Poland. The Sámi languages also belong to the Finno-Ugric family and Sámi is an official language in some municipalities of Lapland and Finnmark and also a recognized minority language in Sweden. For the same reason some of these lines, especially the Stockholm–Helsinki ferries, are known as party boats – alcohol is heavily taxed on shore. During the Middle Ages, increased trade meant that the Nordic countries became increasingly integrated into Europe and Nordic society became more Continental. This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the role Nordic countries have played as exporters and importers of gender equality policies, and of how Europeanisation has framed the development and harmonisation of legislation and ... euro may be taken in some shops in the cities. Cold weather is a major risk factor during the winter; and year round in highland and Arctic areas. Various Sami languages are spoken in northern Finland, Norway and Sweden. Sweden and Finland issued a joint declaration when they joined the EU:[81], "The Contracting Parties notes that Sweden [...] and Finland, as members of the European Union, intend to continue their Nordic co-operation, both with each other and with other countries and territories, in full compliance with Community law and other provisions of the Maastricht Treaty.”, Article 121 of the EEA-agreement states that "the provisions of the Agreement shall not preclude cooperation: (a) within the framework of the Nordic cooperation to the extent that such cooperation does not impair the good functioning of this Agreement".[82]. [78], Nordic citizens – and in the three member countries of the EU also EU citizens – living in another Nordic country are normally entitled to vote in local government elections after three months of residence, while other foreign citizens have to reside in the Nordic countries for three to four years before they are eligible to vote. Many of the low cost airlines mainly serve routes between the colder Scandinavia and the sunny Mediterranean; hence you can also often find bargain flights from Spain, Italy, etc. However, most Finns have better mastery of English than Swedish, while urban Swedish speakers usually are fluent in both. The Nordic countries have one of the lowest population densities in the world. "Our level of drunkenness was normal for a cruise of this kind." The region has a glowing reputation as the best place in the world when it comes to gender equality, thanks to welfare states that support working families and promote parental leave, and legal, political and cultural support for the goal of gender equality. Geographical and cultural region in Northern Europe and the North Atlantic, Etymology and concept of the Nordic countries, Early modern period and industrialization, Nordic Council and Nordic Council of Ministers, European integration and international cooperation. Everyday words such as "open", "room", "bus" and "taxi" are virtually identical to English. Norway’s rail network is limited and mostly centered on Oslo with lines to main cities in other parts of the country. Nobel prizes for literature have been awarded to Selma Lagerlöf, Verner von Heidenstam, Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan, Knut Hamsun, Sigrid Undset, Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Frans Eemil Sillanpää, Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, Pär Lagerkvist, Halldór Laxness, Nelly Sachs, Eyvind Johnson, Harry Martinson and Tomas Tranströmer. Nordic people accept homosexual and cross-gender expressions. This book explores this notion by examining the meanings of gender that underpin policies in the Scandinavian welfare states, historically and today. On the other hand, rail services also get increasingly sparse in northern Scandinavia. There are areas with permafrost in the high mountains of South Norway and some areas at lower altitudes in Northern Sweden/Norway. In cottages and hostels you are often supposed to bring your own linen, with linen provided for a fee otherwise, or in some cases, like some wilderness huts, not provided at all. [92], In addition to the other Nordic countries, The EU is the largest trading partner for the Nordic countries. During the two world wars and the Cold War, the five small Nordic states were forced into difficult balancing acts, but retained their independence and developed peaceful democracies. Even without Greenland, the Nordic countries are larger than the United Kingdom, France and Germany combined. In the other Nordic countries, expenditures have gone up between 40 and 50 per cent in the same period. While a few archaic dialects are only understood by locals, virtually everyone speaks their country's standard national language, though in Norway there are only dialects and no standard spoken Norwegian. It doesn’t matter if you’re looking at the wage gap or political participation or educational attainment: the Nordic region is the most gender equal place in the world. The Nordic countries were joint in the Kalmar Union throughout the 14th and 15th centuries, but since Sweden broke away in the 16th century, they fought eleven wars against Denmark, during the following 300 years, until the idea of Scandinavian unity was revived in the 19th century. Danish røde pølser in particular are seen as an important part of national culture and cuisine. Most of the Nordic languages belong to North Germanic languages, Finno-Ugric languages and Eskimo–Aleut languages. “We cannot just hire females and minorities and expect them to figure it out.”. In general, the further inland, the larger the difference between summer and winter. Some good places to see Viking age artifacts are the Swedish History Museum ("Historiska museet") in Stockholm, Birka in Ekerö, the Settlement Exhibition Reykjavík 871±2 of the Reykjavik City Museum ("Minjasafn Reykjavíkur") in Reykjavik, the Viking Ship Museum ("Vikingeskibsmuseet") in Roskilde, Viking Ship Museum in Oslo, and Old Uppsala in Uppsala. Intra-Nordic trade is not covered by the CISG, but by local law. “Quite a lot of people think we have discussed it enough and it is a dead debate.”. Today, on many measures, they boast some of the most gender-equal labour markets in the OECD. This report shows that improvements in gender equality have contributed considerably to economic growth in the Nordic countries. While English is good enough for some types of jobs, most careers require fluency in the national language. Sweden managed to formally maintain its neutrality in the Axis/Allies conflict and avoided direct hostilities, but in practice it adapted to the wishes of the dominant power – first Germany, later the Allies. Life expectancy for men in Greenland is 68.3 years (2011), compared to 80.8 years for men in Iceland. The decline was most profound in Denmark, Finland and Iceland. Many cognates will still be recognisable particularly to visitors from West Norway. Age limits and closing hours are strict. The sea has a heavy influence on the weather in the western coastal zones of Iceland, Norway, Denmark and Sweden. Denmark has a population density around continental average, higher than for instance France and Poland but lower when compared to the United Kingdom, Italy or Germany. Nordic countries share certain traditions in music, many of which have diverged significantly. Meatballs, served with potatoes, berries and creamy sauce, Salmon, especially smoked or salt-cured (. Spirits are typically drunk as snaps or ice-cold from shot glasses. To the south, the countries neighbor the Baltic states, Poland, Germany and the United Kingdom, while to the north there is the Arctic Ocean.[64]. Denmark borders on Germany, while Finland and northern Norway border on Russia, but otherwise the Nordic countries are separated from their neighbours by the Baltic, the North Sea or the Atlantic itself. The one land border where checks are common is the one between Denmark and Sweden, where "temporary checks" have been the rule rather than the exception since 2015. With a bit of bad luck they are obscured by clouds, so take local weather into account if planning to watch for them – and they do not appear every night. To contribute to more efficient and richer national work on gender equality in the Nordic countries, the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland 2. The Nordic countries have cooperated closely in the administrative and consular fields since the Nordic Passport Union was established and the Helsinki Treaty concluded. However, further improvements in gender equality can generate additional economic gains even in these Member States, often reaching around 4% of GDP. Virtually all Nordic roads are toll free, but some of the larger cities (notably Stockholm, Gothenburg and Oslo) have introduced congestion charges when driving in the centre, and some of the longer bridges and tunnels levy tolls to pay for their construction. She says that the start-up community in Scandinavia is already making strides in this area, through meet-ups, conferences and networking events targeting the gender gap. Possession of even personal use amounts is criminalized in all five countries. Iceland, the Faroes and Greenland are out in the Atlantic, so getting there requires some serious off-shore experience, but Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland are quite easily reached from the rest of northern Europe, e.g. The total population of the Nordic countries of around 26 million people makes them to a far greater extent dependent on each other with respect to exports and imports, compared to for example Germany with a population of 82 million people. The largest cities and capitals of the Nordic countries are situated on the southern parts of the region, with the exception of Reykjavík, the capital of Iceland. Promoting gender equality at work is not only a matter of rights; it is the smart thing to do from the perspective of inclusive growth. It is usually possible to take the bike on coaches and trains for moderate fees, which is recommended for most to do on some stretches because of the long distances. Note that Iceland, Norway and the non-Schengen territories are not part of EU, so there is still a customs border here, too. Most Norse people were farmers who remained in Scandinavia, and were by definition not Vikings, but some Norsemen (and in some cases women) sailed the Atlantic and European rivers, venturing as far as Canada and Central Asia, sometimes settling at the destination, and taking part in the foundation of nations such as England, France, and Russia. If you have pets, arms or other special goods, you might have to contact customs whether or not there is a customs station where you cross or any actual checks. Sweden has three highland areas, the South Swedish Highlands, the Scandinavian Mountains and the Norrland terrain which is the eastern continuation of the Scandinavian Mountains. Gender Equality on a Grand Tour. However, mutual intelligibility is limited between those who have had less contact across the borders (and thus less trained ears), and Finnish, Greenlandic and Sámi are not related at all (although the proximity and common history has resulted in lots of loanwords, and similar meanings of words even when the words themselves differ). Bokmål as spoken by people in Oslo's west end is a kind of standardized spoken East Norwegian and is the unofficial standard spoken Norwegian. Stockholm is the main port in Sweden for the cruises, and the main destinations are Helsinki, Åland and Turku in Finland, Tallinn in Estonia and Riga in Latvia. A gender pay gap isn't just an American problem — gender pay disparities exist in other countries, and some are larger than others. The increase in the share of people above the age of 80 over the last 10 years is partly due to the fact that the death rate has fallen for almost all age groups and partly that the number of births has been low during the same period. Hitchhiking is not too common in the Nordic countries. While Icelandic and Faroese are also North Germanic languages, they have been in a linguistic freezer since the 13th century, and are largely unintelligible to other Germanic speakers. 23 March is celebrated as the "Nordic Day" as the treaty is sometimes referred to as the constitution of the Nordic cooperation. What works: The value of gender equality legislation in the Nordic countries. This pattern changed in 2007 with dramatic decreases in both outward and inward foreign direct investment. Iceland, Norway and the non-Schengen territories are not part of EU, and Åland not part of the EU customs union, so there are still customs borders. US News & World Report has released its annual ranking of the Best Countries for Women. Iceland maintains its superiority as the world’s most gender-equal society, a position it has now held for a decade. But amid immersion in a culture that seemed to actively champion women’s rights, she couldn’t escape the fact that there were still “primarily white males sitting at the top” of many of the best-known companies. The Philippines ranked ninth out of 142 countries in terms of gender equality, according to the recent World Economic Forum (WEF) Global Gender Gap Report 2014. EEZ+TIA is exclusive economic zone (EEZ) plus total internal area (TIA) which includes land and internal waters. Iceland has both the lowest population and by far the lowest population density. The Nordic countries have a combined area of around 3.5 million square kilometres and their geography is extremely varied. In Norway studded tyres are allowed from 1 November; there is a fee for using studded in cities: 30 kr per day. [65] The South Swedish Highland and the Norrland terrain are separated by the Central Swedish lowland. In Denmark studded tyres are allowed from 1 November to 15 April. Gender equality is a fundamental human right and achieving equality between women and men is embedded in the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). ¹ About 1 hour south of Stockholm by suburban train. [88], The service sector has increased drastically in all Nordic countries in the last 15 years and today accounts for about three fourths of all employed persons. Finland’s new Working Hours Act, due to come into force in 2020, will give the majority of full-time employees the right to decide when and where they work for at least half of their working hours, in a move designed to help boost flexibility. The main tipples are beer and vodka-like distilled spirits called brännvin, including herb-flavored akvavit. Also in Iceland and Norway most people live near the sea. If trying to hitchhike in autumn or winter, remember it can get quite (or very) cold, and hours with daylight are limited. Kick-Starting Gender Mainstreaming. The language is related to a number of languages spoken in northern Canada and Alaska. ), but it may be worthwhile to check other options. One such area of work is referred to internationally as gender budgeting. This is the final report of a joint three-year project between Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen Gornick JC, Meyers MK (eds) (2009) Gender equality. The idea that the government should provide for the needy makes people more reluctant to offer help themselves where help is not needed on the spot. The Nordics are however all part of the European Economic Area. In all the countries, the major part of the foreign citizens is non-Nordic. After independence from Denmark in 1814, leading men in Norway swiftly compiled a democratic constitution that is still in effect as one of the oldest in the world. From Denmark it is possible to cross to Sweden over the Öresund bridge (which is a toll road, see official site for prices – around €50 as of 2017). Foreign trade constitutes an important part of the economic activity. The Danish population is expected to increase by 8 per cent until 2035, while Finland and Sweden expect an increase in the population of about 10 and almost 16 per cent respectively. [73] The Council does not have any formal power on its own, but each government has to implement any decisions through its country's legislative assembly. For traditional, environmental, cultural and political reasons, reindeer herding is legally reserved only for Sami people in certain regions of the Nordic countries. In each country, Lutheranism is either the state religion, or has privileged status. “You want to be a modern organisation and an attractive workplace by creating diversity - not only male and female but also different nationalities,” she says. Danish and Swedish exports are more equally distributed on different products, with processed food, pharmaceuticals and chemical products as the major Danish export products and cars, wood, paper products and telecommunication equipment as predominant in Swedish exports. There are many ferry connections from Denmark to Sweden, most of them take cars. Proficiency in Danish, Norwegian or Swedish and Nordic or EEA citizenship is required. Summers in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland are pleasantly warm, with day temperatures in the range 15–30°C. However, amendments passed in 1999 reduced his powers somewhat and the President now shares executive authority with the Prime Minister. However, gender-equality promotion practices vary considerably between Nordic countries and between regions of single countries. The oldest of the Eddic poems are believed to have been composed in the 9th century, though they are only preserved in 13th-century manuscripts. In Iceland, this percentage is even higher, with more than 60 per cent of Icelanders residing at or nearby the capital city of Reykjavík. The exports of Greenland and the Faroe Islands are entirely dominated by fish and fish products, to a lesser extent in Iceland where aluminium exports also contribute significantly. That said, there's plenty of nature and wildlife that's free. The southern part contains also a series of plateaux and gently undulating plains. Introduction The Nordic countries, i.e., Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, have long had a reputation as being among the most gender equal and socially equal countries … People who have regular Nordic contacts usually know how to adjust their Danish, Norwegian or Swedish into "Scandinavian" so that it is more easily understood by the others. However, there are still surprisingly few women in senior private sector roles. The Danish Folketing has 179 seats, including two seats each for the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Since year 2000 Oslo there has been a boom in daring architecture in Oslo. ", "Populations by religious and life stance organisations 1998–2020". This page was last edited on 12 September 2021, at 00:15. In 2012, around 23 per cent of the total exports from both Denmark and Sweden went to other Nordic countries. While western Norway and the Atlantic Islands only see temperature differ moderately between summer and winter, in Finland the temperature occasionally drops below -20°C even in the south, with records below -50°C (-55°F) in the north – Norway's and Sweden's northern interior has equally cold winters. Alternative low cost airlines in the region include Norwegian in Norway, Sweden and Denmark. Share of total population of the Nordic countries by country in January 2013, Life expectancy at birth in the Nordic countries in 2012, Marriages and divorces in the Nordic countries in 2012, Immigrants in the Nordic countries in 2012, Nordic countries have historically been one of the most socially progressive cultures in the world and culture is one of the main components of co-operation between the Nordic countries. She says men in professions like preschool teaching or nursing usually find it easier to climb these career ladders than women entering “male-gendered” areas. [74][75], The Nordic Council of Ministers is responsible for inter-governmental cooperation. These are not Germanic or even Indo-European languages at all, making them considerably harder for speakers of most other European languages to learn. All Nordic countries, including the autonomous territories of Faroe and Åland Islands, have a similar flag design, all based on the Dannebrog, the Danish flag. Wherever they will show up, something interesting is likely going on. Historically the main religion in the region was Norse paganism. He argues that since Nordic countries have a generally high standard of living and strong welfare states, young women are free to pick careers based on their own interests, which he says are often more likely to include working in care-giving roles or with languages. Virtually everybody born since 1945 speaks at least basic English, and younger people tend to be fluent. The Nordic countries and self-governing regions in alphabetic order—number of inhabitants (2018), area (km2) and population density (people/km2): Denmark is by far the most densely populated country, whilst Sweden, Norway and Finland are low populated and similar to each other from this perspective. However, the Nordic countries also have considerable imports from the Netherlands, China and Russia. Yiddish is also an official minority language in Sweden. The missionaries wanted the new territories to be ruled by Christian kings who would help to strengthen the church. Also Norway has an overland border crossing with Russia, in the far north-east. Many grocery items also, for instance "bread" is "brød/bröd", "milk" is "melk/mjölk". Museovirasto", "Nordic Day - sustainability and bridge-building | Nordic cooperation", "Formal Nordic co-operation | Nordic cooperation", "The Nordic Council – Nordic cooperation", "Nordic Countries strengthen their cooperation in foreign and security policy", "Joint statement by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden on Nordic foreign and security policy cooperation – building security in a comprehensive manner", "About the Nordic Council of Ministers – Nordic cooperation", http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:945898/FULLTEXT02.pdf, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A21994A0103%2801%29, "Population at the first day of the quarter by municipality, sex, age, marital status, ancestry, country of origin and citizenship", "Finland's preliminary population figure 5,509,717 at the end of August", "Top 10 Best selling Scandinavian artists of all time", Theme issue "Power Investigation: The Political Culture of Nordic Self-Understanding", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nordic_countries&oldid=1043785713, Articles containing Finnish-language text, Articles containing Icelandic-language text, Articles containing Faroese-language text, Articles containing Greenlandic-language text, Articles containing Northern Sami-language text, Articles containing Lule Sami-language text, Articles containing Inari Sami-language text, Articles containing Southern Sami-language text, Articles containing Skolt Sami-language text, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, Articles needing additional references from April 2021, All articles needing additional references, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. 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